Duty of Care and Contractual Agreements in Architecture

Obligation of Care and Contractual Agreements in Architecture Area 1 Obviously clarify what specific prerequisites must be set up for a Contract to exist between two gatherings? For an agreement to exist between two gatherings there must be proof of three key standards. An aim between totally included gatherings to shape a legitimately restricting relationship. A thought (normally money related) for the understanding. The offer and acknowledgment of the expressed understanding. The expectation of a legitimately restricting relationship from each gathering must be formal; an ethical commitment alone is deficient. All things considered, articles such The Memorandum of Agreement plot the necessities of gatherings when aiming to enter an agreement. For an agreement to exist the guarantee must be enforceable with a thought. The gathering gives this deal who authorizes the agreement. When a thought is given, all gatherings are brought into privity of agreement. The thought is chosen by the gatherings in question and the degree of ampleness is unessential, it must be offered and acknowledged for the consent to develop into an agreement. In that capacity, a proposal without an acknowledgment is simply a pre-authoritative understanding, not official in law. Regardless, for an agreement to exist all terms of the offer must be acknowledged and a thought gave. Notwithstanding, there is no prerequisite for a composed report for most kinds of agreement. An oral agreement is lawfully restricting giving there has been acknowledgment of an offer. From a lawful point of view, trouble can be stayed away from if narrative proof is given of an understanding. The four corners rule permits an agreement to be recorded and in this way is simpler to uphold in law. Clarify what is implied by the term Duty of Care and what are the suggestions upon the planner? An obligation of care is a legitimate commitment in tort law forced on the Architect requiring they practice a standard of sensible consideration and perseverance while completing proficient work that could predictably hurt others. Any disappointment in an Architects obligation of care can bring about an activity in carelessness where they become subject in tort law. Besides, an obligation of care is likewise pertinent in office outside of any legally binding plan. It isn't necessitated that an obligation of care be characterized by law, in any case, it frequently creates through the law of custom-based law. In this regard, an obligation of care can be deciphered as a formalization of the implicit agreement and verifiable duties of the person towards others in the public arena. It is an ARB prerequisite that Architects hold fast to the built up norms of the calling and exercise due aptitude, care and diligence,whilst doing proficient work inside concurred time periods and immediately. For an obligation of care to be penetrated, the accompanying must be valid: Mischief must be sensibly predictable of the litigants lead. A relationship of closeness between the litigant and the petitioner. It must be reasonable, just and reasonableto force obligation. Clarify the term Joint and Several Liability and how can it sway upon specific types of structural Practice? Under Joint and Several Liability, a customer may seek after a commitment against any single gathering as though they were mutually obligated. The obligation at that point goes to the respondents who must set up their individual rates of risk and fiscal installment. In this way, if a petitioner seeks after a solitary litigant and gets all the harms, that respondent should then seek after the different derogatory gatherings to get commitments proportionate to a lot of obligation. Joint and Several risk is generally applicable in tort claims and frequently conjured in instances of carelessness. Draftsmen try to set up a reasonable and appropriately characterized concurrence with explicit reference to the comprehension and desires for the customer. These understandings give a guaranteed premise on which the commission can be embraced. Besides, the picked type of arrangement will decide the restriction of the Architects obligation and responsibility. Draftsmen additionally try to constrain their hazard and obligation through their picked type of structural practice. For Example, Limited Liability Partnerships and Companies can't be mutually or a few obligated with its individuals risk dictated by their stakehold in the organization or shareholding in the organization. Clarify what is implied by the term Lean Construction. Lean development is a strategy for planning creation frameworks to limit the time, exertion and material misuse of an undertaking to produce the most extreme measure of significant worth. The procedure itself is gotten from the lean creation framework inside the assembling business. It is major that the creation framework is structured through a cooperation of undertaking members (Client, Architect, Engineer, Contractor, Building Owner) at the soonest phases of the venture. It depends on the reason that ideal closures influence the way to accomplish these finishes, and that accessible methods will influence acknowledged finishes. The standards of Lean Construction are as per the following: Permit an incentive to stream by methodicallly evacuating obstructions to esteem creation and unimportant procedures that make no worth. Improvement of the framework through coordinated effort and deliberate learning. Need on conveying the Client/End-client/Building Owners anticipated worth. Making Pull Production. The quest for flawlessness/constant improvement, including everybody in the framework. Lean development supplements conventional development the executives by considering material and data stream, concentrating on the upgrade of the creation frameworks esteem age. In this way, an undertaking utilizing the Lean Construction strategy should: Convey most extreme usefulness. Advantage end-clients with the most minimal ideal expense of proprietorship. Wipe out the wastefulness and waste in the utilization of work and materials. Include master providers in plan from the earliest starting point to accomplish coordination and buildability. Set up execution and improvement accomplishments by estimation. Utilize a solitary purpose of contact for powerful co-appointment and clear duty. Clarify and characterize what is implied by a Letter of Intent. What are the conditions under which it might be given, what might be its goals and what are the chief issues that it ought to contain? A Letter of Intent is a report that traces an understanding between at least two gatherings before the understanding is finished. They take after composed agreements yet are not lawfully authoritative for the gatherings in question. In any case, letters of purpose can contain arrangements that are legitimate restricting, for example, a pledge to haggle in compliance with common decency, non-exposure understandings halt arrangements that guarantee selective exchange rights. It can likewise be deciphered as authoritative in the event that it looks like a proper agreement too intently. In this manner, the letter of plan is enforceable by the courts both as far as the compensation and the demonstration. In any case, the letter of goal isn't an agreement; rather it is a one-sided understanding in which one gathering affirms an aim to enter an agreement with another gathering. In particular, it must contain a guidance to act and affirmation of a thought as installment. Letters of plan are generally given to: Explain the idea of complex exchanges for the accommodation of the gatherings in question. Give protects if there should be an occurrence of crumbled dealings. Authoritatively announce intrigue or purpose. Permit work to proceed immediately dependent on trust. Engineers fundamentally use letters of expectation with the end goal of exchange. For instance, following the principal phase of delicate, a letter of expectation possibly gave to educate a temporary worker regarding their endorsement dependent on their proposition. The contractual worker would then be able to add to the plan before the second phase of offering by giving point by point pricings and a general structure cost. When the second phase of offering is finished, a proper agreement can be built up between the gatherings. What are the chief factors that decide the decision of a specific agreement structure? To decide the most proper agreement structure, the Architect and customer should initially think about the needs of the undertaking as far as time, cost and quality. These three variables are connected through an exchange off worldview: Time brings about expanded expense and diminished quality. Cost brings about expanded time and diminished quality. Quality outcomes in expanded expense and expanded time. They are totally related and between dependant. In the event that time is the need, at that point the acquirement strategy must permit adequate chance to consider the entirety of the structure issues appropriately at the pre-contract stage. The customer is managed consistency and extra time can be spared by permitting the temporary worker to asset their own materials, successful administration, ongoing arranging and covering point by point configuration stages with real development. Whenever cost is the need, at that point a budgetary breaking point must be set up that an agreement entirety can't surpass. Sureness of cost is dependant upon extensive structure, drawings and particular that precisely evaluates cost at the delicate stage. In the event that quality is the need, the issue and level of value in the completed the process of building must be unmistakably characterized and set up from the beginning through a particular. Likewise, the proportion of value should likewise be characterized. The decision of agreement type is likewise straightforwardly identified with the picked sort of obtainment. Each sort of acquisition type utilizes standard agreement shapes that are known and acknowledged by the business. Most draftsmen decide to utilize these standard structures as they are extensive, address basic development circumstances and assess current lawful choices. Factors, for example, the unpredictability, size and generally speaking estimation of the undertaking may likewise illuminate the acquisition course or agreement type. In all circumstances the Architect as the lead advisor has the obligation to instruct the customer with respect to the drawn out ramifications of their choices. Area 2

A Critical Analysis – John Keats, “Ode on a Grecian Urn”

The Romantic Period presented an assortment of composing styles. The creators of the mid eighteenth century adjusted a considerable lot of the previous sentimental pieces. The early essayists essential territory of concern was nature. It was not until the stepping stool some portion of the eighteenth century that creators started to concentrate on the powerful just as nature. John Keats exceptional style of composing gave the world an incredible regard for his work. Keats felt his verse should impact the perusers feelings, and just incredible verse could move the peruser to the point of happiness. In doing this Keats felt the best way to accomplish his objective of â€Å"moving his udience† was to give up to vulnerabilities, or by accepting a lot of life is unexplainable, particularly people, who endeavor on feeling that direct their needs and needs. In the â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, the urn speaks to a story regardless of time. (Blossom 16). The constant marble captures time through the urn. (Sprout 16). â€Å"When mature age will this age squander, Thou shalt remain† (lines 46-47), portrays the perpetual marbles and the characters on the urn. With the perpetual marble, the urn has eased back time towards forever, making work of art eternal (blossom 16). This shows the undying side of the Grecian urn physical appearance. The unchangeable urn likewise shows a story of a regular spot. The urn show the individuals with their unlimited deeds. â€Å"Fair youth, underneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy tune, nor ever can those trees be uncovered; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Tough winning close to the objective ye, don't lament; She can't blur, however thou hadt not thy rapture, Forever wither thou love, and she be reasonable! (lines 15-20). Life is stopped and can never proceed starting here. The reasonable youth, the Bold Lover, the trees of spring, and the season spring, can ever leave their unlimited deeds. Interminability of the town is appeared. What little town by waterway or beach, Or mountain-worked with serene fortification, Is empitied of this society, this devout morn? What's more, little town, thy boulevards forevermore Will be quiet be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 35 †39). The town will never observe individuals restraining it, bringing depression and shamelessness all through the town. These are the focal points mortality provide for the living. The subjects of interminability and ethical quality can be seen all through â€Å"Ode of a Grecian Urn. † The constant marble of the urn can be viewed as undying similarly as the story showed on the urn. The way that the story on the urn can never change shows the hindrance of being mmortal and the motivation behind why profound quality can be better. The sonnet starts by testing the peruser with a progression of inquiries introduced by the talking subject. Keats at that point allows the urn to talk without talking, to â€Å"express a fancy story more pleasantly than rhyme. Keats experiences difficulty finding outside of the solutions he constantly battle with during his composing profession. He presents a progression of inquiries he anticipates the urn, or the delegate of the urn to reply. Scott says, â€Å"the tribute doesn't start with the speakers endeavor to contend with the urn, yet with a praise to its peculiar enealogy and its confusing forces of eloquence† (Scott 135). Scott additionally says, Keats quickly gets anxious with the urn’s quietness and looks to force his own exchange on the current surface of the urn. Andrew Bennett perceives Keat’s want to enter the exchange saying, â€Å"Keats consistently appears to be going to blast into narrative† (Bennett 130). He shows up from the earliest starting point to scrutinize the urn, afterwards includes his answers. Keats currently frequents the peruser toward the finish of the sonnet by scrutinizing the idea of truth spoke to by the urn. Stillenger precisely states in â€Å"The Hoodwinking of Madeline†, the subject of he urn, â€Å"Who said what to whom toward the finish of ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn? † (Stillinger 167-173). Truth is identified with whom we recognize as the talking subject. A person or thing is tending to the peruser legitimately. Somebody is characterized as â€Å"a companion of man†. Keats sees the â€Å"happy lover† just as the â€Å"object of desire†, the three branches and the flute player. The urn contains a scene equivocal in importance. He presents inquiries inside the first through forward verses. He requests sources, names and significance with respect to determined occasions. The unanswered inquiries are left for the peruser to reply. Jason Muro says, the tribute writes a sine wave, with five particular focuses along its length. To begin with, the artist is saturated with despair achieved b the world’s persistent flex. Second, after entering the urn, he is loaded up with trust he has discovered the cure for despair. Third, he discovers his expectation unwarranted, the cure was a fake treatment. Fourth, he firmly inspected the urn, he exemplifies a fear more extraordinary than the gloom from which he looked for alleviation. The Placebo is in reality poison. Last, he grasps transient states of the world as a remedy to the fear of the urn. The purpose of cause of Keats introductory issue from which he needs to ascene turns into his place of salvation he need to move before the finish of the sonnet. Keats turned out to be separated of his verse by turning into the entirety of its characters in some perspective. He is the â€Å"unheard tune that is never truly heard or acknowledged in its lifetime†. He is the tree that will never go uncovered, in light of the fact that he passed on throughout the spring period of the year. He is the intense sweetheart that will never kiss yet will always cherish. Line after line Keats is the delegate of the items and individuals he portrays. The glad limbs, upbeat melodist, and the pining darling. I accept the artist and the urn to one in the equivalent. The inquiry is, What was the importance of â€Å"beauty is truth, truth is magnificence? Stiller trusts it to mean, â€Å"face esteem, the announcement is bogus, and Keats knew this and got this, however perhaps thought of it as a basic, mocking condition that would ensure a paltry, shallow presence in a general public overwhelmed by who’s who. † (200). Keats was making a joke of the perfect, ‘forever happy’ way of life by understanding nobody is really cheerful regardless of how thing appear to the outside world. The urn may have been illustrative of Keat’s dream of a short way of life. A gathering whose saying was â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,† and were there convictions to their end. What was the genuine penance Keats suffered inside this work? Was such a large amount of his time spent making this anecdotal urn, just to illuminate society regarding his last relationship of his time on earth? Did Keats believe himself to be the â€Å"Sylvan student of history? † Had he aced the shallow guidelines to life and living on earth? Is it safe to say that he was giving the peruser access on his hypothesis? of â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth magnificence? † These are questions that may stay unanswered by Keats, yet stay a riddle to whomever has the chance to investigate â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn. Investigating today’s society, we locate a similar conviction. Seeming, by all accounts, to be truly impeccable is the new pattern. We revere Hollywood stars and attempt to demonstrate our own lives after them. The media makes the universe of Hollywood great and we once in a while make some troublesome memories decoding between our reality and their reality. There are a significant number of us who seek to resemble the ‘stars’ yet there is a shrouded message inside the lives they lead. â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth magnificence. † This message is obvious at whatever point a ‘star’ is at the center of attention. Society has faith in the truth behind the message â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth excellence. We need to accept this message is the way in to all our bliss. We as a whole at once or another inside our lives have attempted to live as indicated by our preferred superstar, similarly as Keats venerated the individuals anticipated on his urn. Keats life sadly finished before it at any point started at this point he had the option to acknowledge regardless of his catastrophe and ailment, this is rarely evident. Regardless of how flawless things seem, by all accounts, to be outwardly, it’s entirely unexpected when you endeavor to put the other individual shoes on and goes for a walk. At the end of the day, things are not what they generally have all the earmarks of being.

Students Online Their Engaged is Not our Engaged Richmond Writing

Students Online Their Engaged is Not our Engaged Richmond Writing Location: Montclair State University Virtual Campus Photo Courtesy of Olivia Hotshot We faculty who teach with technology claim we can multitask. Yet there is a bigger question: can anyone really do that? And what does engaged in learning mean to the Millennials we now teach? I went to the June 2 Second Life Education Roundtable with those questions in my head, after hearing our topic from organizer AJ Brooks. AJ pulled off a coup by bringing Harry Pence, (SL: John2 Kepler) to a voice-chat meeting where Harry discussed his ideas and took questions from the audience. Points worth noting: Harry defines engagement as involving being focused on the matter at hand We tended, as a group, to dismiss the idea that our minds can really multitask. Harry noted reading in Howard Rheingolds blog about two types of attention, multitasking and continuous partial attention (Visit Rheingolds entry on attention, as well as higher-level links to his Video Blog and his Web site). Harry has never had a college student say thats too much when he presents using voice and screen, but older audiences often get lost. His college students agree with him when he says that their younger siblings are truly fluent with networked technologies and will replace them in the workforce. AJ Brooks made a salient point I have often found true with my students: they are adept at using but not understanding the technologies. Iggys examples from his students: how few reallly can solve problems that require alpahnumeric fixes (such as tweaking source-code) or making proper back-ups or hardware hacks that come naturally to old geezers like me who can work on their own cars and build stuff with tools. KZeros diagram of Virtual Worlds by age of users, Q4 2008: http://www.kzero.co.uk/blog/?page_id=2563 shows SL with a smaller, and older, demographic than many of the virtual worlds younger Millennials are using now. The open question remains whether or not theyll take to SL or something like it, with user-generated content, when they get older. We noted how many of the worlds younger users encounter do not permit creation of new content. CathyWyo1 Haystack then asked, do we want a generation of kids who are passively engaged or actively involved in the creation of their space? We all grew concerned about a generation taught to the tests and not encouraged to do as much collaborative learning. Harry noted a class in high school he encountered, where Principal put them at the end of the hall b/c they were making too much noise and having fun and making noise. Im fond of Rheingolds maxim that Mindfulness and norms, my students helped me see, are essential tools for those who would master the arts of attention. Can one be mindful of two things at once? Yes. Do them equally well? That I dont know, but that too is where the norms for my class come in. In fall, if a student is online during class and its not course related, the norms are this: first time = warning, second time = skipped class in gradebook. You can read the entire transcript of Harrys talk here.

Teen Pregnancy And The United States - 2027 Words

The issue being addressed is teen pregnancy rates in the United States. We can measure this problem by giving statistics on teen pregnancy related information and by describing the magnitude of the problem. Teen pregnancy exists everywhere in the world but the main focus of this policy memo is going to be that of the United States. Define and Analyze the Problem affected individuals. Teen mothers, their babies, the father, parents of the teen mother and father, and everyone in the United States to be exact are affected every year by teen pregnancies. Age, race, ethnicity and sex all come into play when talking about who is being affected by teen pregnancy. Ages fifteen to nineteen are the rage for teen girls being affected by teen pregnancy and both male and females are affected by the outcome of teen pregnancy. According to The PEW Charitable Trusts in 2013, Latina teens have the highest birth rate at 42 births per 1,000 teens and non-Hispanic white teens were 19 births per 1,000 teens (PEW, 2015). According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), â€Å"teen girls who get pregnant are less likely to finish high school, more likely to rely on public assistance, more likely to be poor as adults, and are more likely to have kids who have poorer educational, behavioral, and health outcomes o ver the course of their lives than do kids born to older parents† (HHS, 2016). Teen pregnancy affects everyone in the United States, for example costing taxpayersShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy And The United States1414 Words   |  6 PagesTeen Parenting in the United States Raising a child as an adult can be very demanding at times, but can you imagine how difficult it would be to raise a baby as a teen, when you are still a child yourself? Although the teen birth rate in the United States has been on a decline for the past decade, teen pregnancy is still a significant issue affecting many people (Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing). Teen pregnancy has been considered morally and ethically wrong in the United States for centuries (Sprague)Read MoreTeen Pregnancy in the United States1201 Words   |  5 PagesTeen pregnancy is more prevalent in the United States, than one would think. Even though the number of pregnancies has lowered, there are still an estimated 31pregnancies per 1000 teens. Unfortunately, there are immense consequences from teen pregnancy. These occurrences are due to many circumstances that can be changed, such as, more education, peer pressure, and today’s culture. However, there are ways to prevent all this from happening; usin g contraception, being aware, or even abstaining fromRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : The United States1939 Words   |  8 PagesTEEN PREGNANCY Section One: â€Å"Why?† The United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy and births in the western industrialized world. Teen pregnancy costs the United States at least $7 billion annually. Family First Aid has stated that â€Å"thirty-four percent of young women become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 — about 820,000 a year. Eight in ten of these teen pregnancies are unintended and 79 percent are to unmarried teens.† You may ask why so many teens are pregnantRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Its Effects On The United States1667 Words   |  7 PagesEach year around 90,000 adolescents become pregnant in the United States. Around 51% of adolescents pregnancies end in live births, 35% end up in induced abortions, and 14% result in miscarriage or stillbirth (Frick, 2007). Historically, the highest teen pregnancy rates in the United States were during the 1950’s and 1960’s before the legalization of abortion and the development of many the current forms of contraception(Frick, 2007). Rates enlarged steadily until 1991; since then, the birth rateRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Costs The United States1577 Words   |  7 Pages Section One: â€Å"Why?† The United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy and births in the western industrialized world. Teen pregnancy costs the United States at least $7 billion annually. Family First Aid has stated that â€Å"thirty-four percent of young women become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 — about 820,000 a year. Eight in ten of these teen pregnancies are unintended and 79 percent are to unmarried teens.† You may ask why so many teens are pregnant. It may be becauseRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On The United States2305 Words   |  10 PagesTeen Pregnancy and the Link to Poverty in the U.S. with A Focus on Western Ma Especially Holyoke and Springfield Mass In the 1950s, the frequency of teenage births in the United States was already high, and since that, time has decreased, although the number of births outside marriage has increased. Thus, in 1990 the rate was 61.8 births, pregnancy rate - 116.9 per 1,000. The incidence of teenage pregnancy has decreased significantly in the 1990s. This decline is observed in all racial groups, butRead MoreTeen Pregnancy in the United States Essays3049 Words   |  13 PagesTeen Pregnancy in the United States Introduction Teen pregnancy falls into the category of pregnancies in girls age 19 or younger (NIH). Although statistics have shown a decrease, the number of teen pregnancy in the U.S. is still relatively high compared to the rest of the world. Sexual health is one of the top priorities in early adolescence health in the United States. Consequences of having sex at a young age generally results in unsafe sex practices. The consequences can be due to the lackRead More Teen Pregnancy in the United States Essay2801 Words   |  12 Pagessociety†. (Pregnant Teen Help, Teen Pregnancy Statistics) Some would argue that teen pregnancy is all glorified. Other individuals would protest that it is too influential. Teen pregnancy is a rising social problem in the United States and among other countries. Teen pregnancy is now being publicized as multi media corporations, with shows such as â€Å"16 Pregnant†, â€Å"Teen Mom†, â€Å"Maury†, â€Å"Secret Life of the American Teen ager†, and â€Å"Juno†. All of which concentrate on teen pregnancy. These shows or moviesRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Effects On The United States1922 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Adolescent pregnancy is a widely researched and debated topic in psychology. Teen pregnancy rates in the United States have dropped significantly over the last two decades from 6.2% in 1990 to 2.7% in 2013, a 56% decrease, for women aged 15-19. Despite the sharp decline, concerns about the consequences of adolescent childbearing have not decreased. While evidence suggests that giving birth as a teenager is often associated with economic hardships, numerous researchers argue that theseRead MoreTeen Pregnancy is a Growing Problem in the United States1084 Words   |  4 Pageslocated in a tourist town on the northern Oregon coast, where according to the United States Census Bureau the median income as of 2012 was $24,201 (table 1).I remember in high school there was always a girl I knew who was pregnant, but it was not until recently when I noticed so many of my classmates and friends announcing due dates. According to Medline Plus, adolescent or teen pregnancy can be defined as â€Å"pregnancy in girls age 19 or younger† (para. 1). According to the CDC’s â€Å"Births: Final Data

Dealing with Harassment and Threats on Social Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 626 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Now the Online bullying is getting much serious. Individuals are advising people to murder themselves for posting what they dont care for. For instance, one VIP posted his or her photo and hater remarked that you should execute yourself for posting that. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dealing with Harassment and Threats on Social Media" essay for you Create order Yet, there are some approaches to stop this. One of the courses is to absolutely disregard the condition. Because the more you seriously you look into the situation theyre more likely to get lot toxic. The second way is that you contact the organization and disclose to them what is new with your record or report the records that are pestering you. Those organizations will make some sort of move against them. On the off chance that that doesnt help then you should attempt to enlighten the legislature regarding the circumstance that you are in, they are well on the way to enable you to get past that. First, have you at any point seen those big names who dependably complain about their hater. That is the major problem because if you pay any kind of attention to them like blocking them tweeting about them or attacking them via social media more and more of them will come to bother you. For instance, numerous VIPs get irritated each and every day except the individuals who remain close-lipped regarding it was the person who might get less feedback from their hater. That is the reason I trust that disregarding them is the most ideal approach to manage the circumstance. It may be impermanent in that time you can contact for help. The second way is that you contact Twitter to make a move. Like erase their record, transitory square them or persuade them to upgrade their system. You cant stop a huge number of people assaulting one individual. For instance, Twitter should focus on individuals who were as of late in the news for terrible allegation so they could brief impair their record. Likewise, as the circumstance quiets down they can enact their record. It will push the client to not get in any kind of sorrow. Now and then it can keep individuals from experiencing unpleasant occasions and submitting suicide. Web-based harassing can be extremely touchy particularly in the event that you are having a troublesome time in your life. Last thing is that if the comments are threatening or aggressive in any ways you can make these two strides further and report the circumstance to the police or court. It may require a long time to stop all the negative remarks in light of the fact that lawful methodology requires some serious energy. Likewise, Twitter needs to get associated with the circumstance for them to make any move. As an organization, Twitter should see every one of the issues and it may require a significant stretch of time to stop the cynicism it is probably going to work. Twitter has their principles and control to kick or square any client for all time. It is illegal to post threatening and harmful comments for example, I will execute you or slaughter yourself. The individual who remarked that may have some genuine affirmation on him. All in all, it is vital for individuals to quit despising one another. It makes an awful attitude and dangerous identity It can likewise result in you demolishing somebodys profession with your cruel words. There are individuals who consider disdainful remarks important in light of the fact that they need to enhance themselves. In any case, on the off chance that they continue getting detest they could suffer great depression or severe mental problems. It is likewise the organizations obligation to offer their clients awesome administration particularly the VIPs since they are the person who makes their item more appealing.

Testing Plan for Video Compression, Decompression and Execution Free Essays

string(1953) " and those information shop in array of bytes Extraction of 3 parts and measure theoretical account and position portion to direct to the client Extract merely view portion there are no any back land sound consequence Fail Case 6 Extracting theoretical account, position and command portion from byte codification of picture file In executor utilizing FuzzyMVC algorithm to pull out theoretical account, position and command portion Extract Model, position and command portion from picture file in byte format Extracted theoretical account, position and accountant Base on balls Case 7 Storing control portion informations as a impermanent file Store Control information from picture in buffer for impermanent Impermanent storage of control portion and take that storage infinite after completion of dealing Storing control portion informations as a impermanent file but did non take after dealing completion Fail Case 8 Storing control portion informations as a impermanent file Shop information from picture in buffer for impermanent Impermanent storage of control portion and take that occupied infinite after completion of client receiving Storing informations of control file as a impermanent information and take that informations utilizing buffer algorithm Base on balls Case 9 Sending extracted theoretical account and position portion to the client Storing control information from picture file and direct theoretical account and position portion to the client Send theoretical account and position portion to the client Sent information continuously to the client Base on balls Case 10 Decompress accepted informations Client need to uncompress informations that got from waiter GZip algorithm is used for compress and decompress, Decompression of informations Decompressed informations and got existent consequence without deformation Base on balls Table – 9\." 11.2 ) Video: Software testing is the of import to accomplish the quality of the package been developed. It is used to look into application faculty or the package that fulfill the demand of the terminal user. We will write a custom essay sample on Testing Plan for Video Compression, Decompression and Execution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Testing is related to two other procedures like confirmation and proof. Confirmation: gives verification specification. Validation: gives verification necessities. 9.1.1 ) Trial Plan: Trial program is doing the planning of the overall package. It will run into all the demand for existent clip processing. Quality confidence should be organize by look intoing each and every functionality. Besides trial program includes following Test category to be tested Operation property to be tested Test event Testing environment Test out of scope Trial agenda 9.2 ) Testing Technique: A Technique has been used are as follows by black box testing and white box testing. It detects the mistake programmed ; keep truth, completeness and scalability of application developed is called testing. 9.2.1 ) BLACK BOX Testing: A proving which concentrates merely on functional demands of application or package is called as a Black-box testing or behavioural testing. Black-box proving efforts to bring out Inaccurate or omitted maps Interface mistakes Mistakes related to informations constructions or external informations base entree Behavior or public presentation mistakes Low-level formatting and expiration mistakes. In this thesis: Black box proving includes acquiring petition from client is proper or non as per client petition waiter acknowledge. Server indexing client requested informations in database. Indexed information is proper or non, directing of byte by byte informations to buffer is maintain the indexing sequence or non. This sort of proving performed in black box testing. 9.2.2 ) WHITE BOX Testing: White box testing is nil but the complementary to black box proving. The internal execution of application can be tested by this testing. Buffer storage compress informations that acquiring from database, It is relevant or non. If there are losing index than the informations content may be alteration. So, will prove informations compressed in buffer is right indexed or non. Executor extract theoretical account, position and control stage, tested is there are any lost informations or non. Controling informations stored in impermanent memory, after completion of send requested informations to client commanding informations is removed or non. Sending clip informations compressed utilizing Huffman algorithm. Retrieved informations is right or non. Client retrieve informations after 2 clip decompress informations. After decompressed existent informations got by client or non. 9.3 ) Testing Scheme: Testing is an effectual conductivity of antecedently planned activities. A scheme for package proving must supply adjustment for low-level trials that are necessary to verify that a little unit of application has been right implemented every bit good as high-ranking trials that validate major system maps against client demands. Testing schemes can be classified as follows. 9.3.1 ) Unit of measurement: Unit of measurement proving considers package constituent or faculty as a smallest testable piece of package. It takes the constituent or faculty of testable package in the application, separate it from the balance of the codification. Then it verifies whether it works as you expect. This type of proving can be done on multiple faculties in analogue. It is white box oriented, as it is used to verify the control flow and informations flow. 9.3.2 ) Integration Testing: It is a logical extension of faculty or constituent testing. It chiefly focuses on happening defects which chiefly arise because of uniting assorted constituents for proving. Integration proving purposes at constructing a plan construction by taking integrity tested faculties. It conducts trial to uncover mistakes associated with interfacing. Once we have finished with unit proving, following undertaking is to execute incorporate proving. Unit tested faculties are taken and assemble together and execute incorporate proving. In this proving one or more faculties are tested at a clip w.r.t their functionality. 9.3.3 ) SYSTEM Testing: It verifies the full merchandise, after uniting all package and hardware constituents and validates it harmonizing to original undertaking demands. The chief purpose of system proving is to accomplish a successful execution of the computing machine based system utilizing sequence of trials. In the peculiar each trial may hold different intents but purpose behind all is verify the combination and working of system elements. 9.4 ) Trial Case: Some conditions or variables which followed by examiner to measure the effectivity of any application or system called as Test instances. It may be a individual measure, or multiple stairss, to guarantee the rightness of an application. A predictable consequence or result is can be shown as follows. Table 9.4 show the trial instance for the proposed system, as table follow by the trial instance name, measure require to acquire expected consequence, expected consequence from the proposed system, an existent how system response and in conclusion comment for trial instance to be base on balls or fail. Test Case No. Test Case Name Stairss Expected Consequence Actual Consequence Remark Case 1 Client Request Store informations in server client can bespeak merely for those informations. Request accept by waiter and acknowledge Request accepted by waiter and acknowledge to client. Base on balls Case 2 Server informations indexing Server shop informations in database as per client petition database indexing those informations. Indexing as per the existent sequence of picture file Indexed picture file to direct informations to buffer as per existent sequence of picture file Base on balls Case 3 Buffer acquire informations from database as per indexed Database send informations to the buffer in bytes Data infusion in byte format for buffer procedure Data extracted in byte format and send to buffer Base on balls Case 4 Compress informations in buffer Buffer compacting informations that got from database Compress Data as per acquiring byte from database Compressed Datas that got from database in bytes Base on balls Case 5 Extracting theoretical account, position and command portion from tight picture file in bytes Executor extract theoretical account, position and accountant information and those information shop in array of bytes Extraction of 3 parts and measure theoretical account and position portion to direct to the client Extract merely view portion there are no any back land sound consequence Fail Case 6 Extracting theoretical account, position and command portion from byte codification of picture file In executor utilizing FuzzyMVC algorithm to pull out theoretical account, position and command portion Extract Model, position and command portion from picture file in byte format Extracted theoretical account, position and accountant Base on balls Case 7 Storing control portion informations as a impermanent file Store Control information from picture in buffer for impermanent Impermanent storage of control portion and take that storage infinite after completion of dealing Storing control portion informations as a impermanent file but did non take after dealing completion Fail Case 8 Storing control portion informations as a impermanent file Shop information from picture in buffer for impermanent Impermanent storage of control portion and take that occupied infinite after completion of client receiving Storing informations of control file as a impermanent information and take that informations utilizing buffer algorithm Base on balls Case 9 Sending extracted theoretical account and position portion to the client Storing control information from picture file and direct theoretical account and position portion to the client Send theoretical account and position portion to the client Sent information continuously to the client Base on balls Case 10 Decompress accepted informations Client need to uncompress informations that got from waiter GZip algorithm is used for compress and decompress, Decompression of informations Decompressed informations and got existent consequence without deformation Base on balls Table – 9.4: Trial instances 10.1 ) RESULT Analysis: For ciphering the public presentation of proposed system and besides doing comparative analysis with the consequence been generated from the experimental rating. Compaction Comparison: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.001.png" Figure – 10.1 ( a ) : Compaction Comparison RMI Compress Time Simple compress Time Array size 0.08 0.082 22 0.082 0.089 45 0.094 0.1 60 0.1 0.11 70 0.110 0.12 75 Decompression Comparison: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.002.png"/ Figure – 10.1 ( B ) Decompression Comparison GZIP Decompress Time Simple Decompress Time Array Size 0.022 0.022 22 0.023 0.0232 45 0.028 0.03 60 0.052 0.054 70 0.056 0.0585 75 Transmission of informations utilizing J2ME RMI ( Between 2 machines ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.003.png"/ Figure – 10.1 ( degree Celsius ) : Transmission of Data utilizing J2ME RMI J2ME RMI ( Between 2 machine ) Simple transmissionthrough IP reference Array Size 0.63 0.66 22 0.656 0.695 45 0.742 0.776 60 0.793 0.811 70 0.8214 0.841 75 Transmission of informations utilizing J2ME RMI ( Using 1 machines ) : img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.004.png"/ Figure – 10.1 ( vitamin D ) : Data transmittal in individual machine J2ME RMI ( one machine ) Simple transmittal through socket Array Size 0.642 0.644 22 0.785 0.789 40 0.831 0.862 60 0.885 0.89 70 0.918 0.934 75 Comparison of Proposed System with Current System. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.005.png"/ Figure – 10.1 ( vitamin E ) : Proposed system and Youtube comparing Proposed System Time Taking YouTube Time Taking Array Size 1.0021 1.032 22 1.031 1.082 40 1.423 1.48 60 1.602 1.637 80 1.8 1.84 100 1.86 1.89 120 1.92 1.96 140 2.003 2.15 160 2.423 2.501 200 2.654 2.756 220 11.1 ) Main: img alt="H: SCRNSVRSCR1.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.006.png"/ Figure-11.1: Main GUI 11.2 ) Video: img alt="H: SCRNSVRSCR2.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.007.png"/ Figure- 11.2: Video choice 11.3 ) VIDEO PLAYER ( Small size picture ) : img alt="H: SCRNSVRSCR3.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.008.png"/ Figure – 11.3 ( a ) : Small size picture participant img alt="H: SCRNSVRSCR4.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.009.jpg"/ Figure – 11.3 ( B ) : HD picture participant 11.4 ) AUDIO Choice: img alt="H: SCRNSVRSCR5.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.010.png"/ Figure – 11.4 ( a ) : Audio choice img alt="H: SCRNSVRSCR6.png" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1828470.011.png"/ Figure – 11.4 ( B ) : Audio Player Decision: This research proposed an offloading picture compaction, decompression and executing of picture at server side. Compaction utilizing Gzip method is more effectual than any other compression techniques. Gzip usage Quad tree method every bit good as Huffman algorithm to compact the information utilizing this sort of compaction of informations we can state that information is more confidential while directing from waiter to client. Proposed system usage buffer storage. It will bring informations from database in bytes, compress informations and send to the executor for farther procedure. Buffer storage usage Data buffer algorithm to hive away informations and direct informations as per demand to executor. Executor extract theoretical account, position and command portion from picture file and direct theoretical account and position portion to the requested client and shop control portion as a impermanent information. This proposed system is more confidential than any other unrecorded cyclosis of picture or any other picture downloader. Proposed system is taking less clip than any other system for unrecorded cyclosis or download. When we are directing theoretical account, position and command portion together to any client at that clip command portion taking more clip to put to death. But, with this proposed system we are covering merely with theoretical account and position portion. System Extract command portion and usage Huffman algorithm at directing clip, it will take less clip than control information send over web. Mentions: RESEARCH / JOURNAL PAPER 1. [ IEEE CS, 2004 ] Adaptive Offloading for Pervasive Computing, Published by the IEEE CS and IEEE ComSoc,1536-1268/04/ $ 20.00  © 2004 IEEE 2. [ CHUEN, 1990 ] Fuzzy logic in control system: Fuzzy logic accountant – Part I, CHUEN CHIEN, pupil member, IEEE, IEEE dealing on system, MAN and cybernetics, vol.20, NO-2, March / April. 1990 3. [ NIC, France ] Transparent and Dynamic Code Offloading for Java Applications, Nicolas Geoffray, Gael Thomas, and BertilFolliotLaboratoired, Informatique de Paris 6 8 herb of grace du Capitaine Scott, 75015 Paris France 4. [ ALI, 2003 ] Image Encoding Using Block-Based Transformation Algorithm, Mohammad Ali, BaniYounes and AmanJantan, IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, 35:1, IJCS_35_1_03. 5. [ BALAKRISHNA, 2013 ] EMBEDDING OF EXECUTABLE FILE IN ENCRYPTED IMAGE USING LSB MECHANISM, P.Sathish Kumar, Mr. C.BalaKrishnan, International Conference on Information Systems and Computing ( ICISC-2013 ) , INDIA, ISSN 2250-2459 ( Online ) , An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Particular Issue 1, January 2013 6. [ JOSHI, IJCET ] A GENERIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MODEL FOR THE FILE SYSTEMS, Farid, SD Joshi, Manjusha Joshi ; International diary of Computer Engineering A ; Technology ( IJCET ) ,5,1 7. [ ZHANG, SKYPE ] Profiling Skype Video Calls: Rate Control and Video Quality, Xinggong Zhang, Yang Xuy, HaoHuy, Yong Liuy, Zongming Guo and Yao Wang. 8. [ MAKWANA, 2015 ] Performance Impact Analysis of Application Implemented on Active Storage Framework, Naveenkumar J, Raj Makwana, Prof. S. D. Joshi, Prof. D. M. Thakore ; International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. 9. [ MAHESH, 2014 ] Video Compression Techniques – A Comprehensive Survey, M.Atheeshwari, K.Mahesh, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2014 ISSN: 2277 128X. 10. [ FOX, 1998 ] Fox et al. , â€Å"Adapting to Network and Client Variation Using Active Proxies: Lessons and Positions, † IEEE Personal Comm. , Aug. 1998, pp. 10–19. 11. [ NOBLE, 2000 ] B.D. Noble, â€Å"System Support for Mobile, Adaptive Applications, † IEEE Personal Comm. , Feb. 2000, pp. 44–49. 12. [ NOBLE, 1997 ] B.D. Baronial et al. , â€Å"Agile Application-Aware Adaptation for Mobility, † Proc. 16th ACM Symp. Operating Systems Principles ( SOSP 97 ) , ACM Press, 1997, pp. 276–287. 13. [ LARA, 2001 ] E. de Lara, D.S. Wallach, and W. Zwaenepoel, â€Å"Puppeteer: Component-Based Adaptation for Mobile Computing, † Proc. 3rdUSENIX Symp. Internet Technologies and Systems ( USITS 01 ) , Usenix Assoc. , 2001, pp. 159–170. 14. [ X. GU, 2003 ] X. Gu et al. , â€Å"Adaptive Offloading Inference for Delivering Applications in a Permeant Computing Environment, † Proc. 1st IEEE Int’l Conf. Pervasive Computing and Comm. ( PerCom 03 ) , IEEE CS Press, 2003, pp. 107–114 15. [ GARAY, 1979 ] M. Garey and D. Johnson, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NPCompleteness, W.H. Freeman, 1979. 16. [ STOER, 1997 ACM ] M. Stoer and F. Wagner, â€Å"A Simple Min- Cut Algorithm, † J. ACM, July 1997, pp.585–591. 17. [NAHRSTEDT, 1999 ] B. Li and K. Nahrstedt, â€Å"A Control-Based Middleware Framework for Quality-of-Service Adaptations, † IEEE J. Selected Areas in Comm. , Sept. 1999, pp. 1632–165. 18. [ GHOSE, IJCET ] Gopal Thapa, Kalpana Sharma and M.K.Ghose, â€Å"Multi Resolution Motion Estimation Techniques For Video Compression: A Survey† International diary of Computer Engineering A ; Technology ( IJCET ) , Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 399 – 406, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6375. 19. [ SOUMYA, 2013 ] B.K.N.Srinivasa Rao, P.Sowmya, â€Å"Architectural Implementation of Video Compression Through Wavelet Transform Coding And Ezw Coding† International diary of Computer Engineering A ; Technology ( IJCET ) , Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 202 – 210, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6375. Web sites: 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation_offloading 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index-jsp-140794.html 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //cit.srce.unizg.hr/index.php/CIT/article/view/1609 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //javarevisited.blogspot.in/2013/04/10-reasons-to-learn-java-programming.html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/why.html 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //jcp.org/en/jsr/detail? id=66 7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.deitel.com/articles/java_tutorials/20060422/PlayingVideowithJMF/ Books: 1. BALAGURUSAMY, â€Å"Programming with JAVA a primer† , 4th edition ( Mc Graw Hill ) 2. DREAMTECH, M.T.SAVALIYA, â€Å"Advance Java Tecnology† 3. Mark Nelson and Jean-loup Gailly, M A ; T Books, New York, United States of America, 2nd edition, â€Å"The Data Compression Book† 4. Ross Williams, Kluwer Books, Norwell, United States of America, â€Å"Adaptive Data Compression† List OF PUBLICATIONS: SR. No. Title of Paper Name of Writers Name of the Journal / Publication / Conference Volume / Issue /Date Impact Factor 1. Performance Impact Analysis of Application Implemented on Active Storage Framework Raj Makwana, NaveenKumar J. , Prof. D.M.Thakore, Prof. S.D.Joshi International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering ( IJARCSSE ) Volume 5, Issue 2, 28ThursdayFebruary 2015 ISSN: 2277 128X pp. 550-554, 2.5 2. Offloading compaction and decompression logic closer to video files utilizing Remote Procedure Call Raj Makwana, NaveenKumar J. , Prof. D.M.Thakore, Prof. S.D.Joshi International Journal of computing machine Engineering and Technology ( IJCET ) Volume 6, Issue 3, 30ThursdayMarch 2015, pp. 37-45 ISSN 0976 – 6367 ( Print ) ISSN 0976 – 6375 ( Online ) 8.9 Maestro Of Technology Dissertation, 2014-2015Page 1 How to cite Testing Plan for Video Compression, Decompression and Execution, Essay examples

SOCIOLOGY 1301 Chapter 1 2 Final Exam Notes Essay Example

SOCIOLOGY 1301 Chapter 1 2 Final Exam Notes Paper What is Sociology? Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies. What is not an example of sociological imagination? It allows you to use your experiences to view your society as an insider. Early thinkers that is considered the father of sociology? Auguste Comte Early thinkers that advocated for slave emancipation and religious tolerance? Harriet Martineau When people stated to feel disengaged and unable to cope with the changes in their environment, that is an example of Anomie Early thinkers that suggested that behavior must be fully comprehended through the suggestive meaning people attached to their actions Max Weber According to W.E.B. DeBois, knowledge is essential to combating prejudice. TRUE Proletarians are known as the business owners FALSE Survival of the fittest Concept argues that it is NOT natural for some people to be rich. FALSE Early thinker work that suggested that religion reinforces groups solidarity Emile Durkheim If Kevin and Kim met when they were both students at Tarrant County College, and after graduation, they both got married, that would be an example of Latent Functionalism If upon graduation, Kevin and Kim received their associates degrees from Tarrant County College, that would be an example of Manifest Functionalism If American Airlines workers decided to go on strike because of low pay and poor benefits, that would be an example of Conflict perspective Functionalist perspective is a macro-sociology TRUE Conflict perspective assumes that social order is achieved through coercion TRUE Sociological framework in which human beings are viewed as living in a world of meaningful objects. Symbolic Interactionism Perspective that was developed in the United States Interactionist perspective What perspective is most commonly applied to capitalism and economic systems? Conflict perspective In order to understand the societal changes, who applied the concept of evolution of the species? Herbert Spencer Early thinker that conducted research with the intention to combat racial inequality in the United States? W.E.B. DeBois Why is it important to understand the research method All of the above-Plays a major role in society, helps us to be better consumers of information, help avoid us being fooled by misleading statistics. A factor that causes, affects, or produces changes is known as Independent Variable Any Phenomenon that changes such as income, age, and religion is know as Variable After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process? Create a Hypothesis If the relationship between two variables is caused by another variable, this is known as Correlation What best describes the notion that the higher the level of ones education, the higher one;s income level will be? Hypothesis Valid research measures Accurately measure the phenomenon under study A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the colleges computers center. When the student realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of Hawthorne Effect The type of research design a researcher selects is based on theories and hypothesis the researcher started with. TRUE Studies designed in the form of an interview or questionnaire is known as Survey The type of research that collects and reports data in numerical form is known as Quantitative When a researcher collects information about a group through direct involvement in inspection this is known as Observation In an experimental research design the group that was not given any treatment by the researcher is known as Control group Data collected from the US census is an example of Participant observation Sometimes cause-and-effect can happen simultaneously False No effect can be its own cause True X cannot be a cause of Y if X precedes Y in time False

Coppelia essays

Coppelia essays Some ballets get better with age. The romantic ballet Coppelia has an inbuilt scope for innovation. It remains fresh because of the wonderful music, clever, sometimes sublime choreography, the strong narrative, and the infinite variety of dolls that can be introduced into doctor Coppelius workshop in the second act. The costumes, sets and character development of Swanhilda, Franz The roots of classical ballet go back to renaissance Europe (1300-1600) in the palaces of Italian princes and dukes. Court Ballets (Ballet De Cour) were presented during elaborate banquets, festivities and celebrations. Steps and movements were based on social dances of the day and were more elegant versions of folk and peasant dances. This can be seen in the third Act with Arthur Saint Leon (the original choreographer) including an adapted version of a csardas a Hungarian folk dance, into the ballet. These court ballets usually ended with performers and audience members dancing together. Ballet started as relaxed social celebrations and then became more professional and distant from their audience. But during the first half of the 19th century romanticism swept across Europe and changed the world of ballet forever. The romantic period came about during the industrial revolution for people to escape the harsh realities of life. People suffered badly during the wars and therefore t he romantic period offered color, fantasy, fairytales and folk legends for society to follow. "Coppelia" was developed in 1870, at the height of the Franco-Prussian war. It was the last new ballet presented, before the closure of the Opera in the siege of Paris. Hence, it was developed to reflect the rising tide of French nationalism. It was a ballet for the people, of the people. As such, it borrowed...

Chicago Referencing †Repeat Citations - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Chicago Referencing – Repeat Citations Chicago Referencing – Repeat Citations If you have a useful source text, you’ll often want to cite it more than once in your work. But the Chicago Manual of Style has specific rules for doing this, so you need to how it works! Here, then, is our guide to repeat citations in Chicago style referencing. Consecutive Repeat Citations In Chicago footnote referencing, when you cite the same source twice in a row, you can use the Latin abbreviation â€Å"ibid.† This literally translates as â€Å"in the same place.† If you are citing exactly the same page as before, you can use â€Å"ibid.† by itself. If you are citing a different part of the text, you should give the new page number(s), too. For instance: 1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt Company, 1983), 13. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 102. Here, page 13 of Alan C. Jenkins’ Wildlife in the City is cited in footnotes 1 and 2, while page 102 is cited in footnote 3. This saves us from writing out the full source information each time. Non-Consecutive Repeat Citations What, though, do you do when you need to repeat a citation after you’ve cited another source? In this case, Chicago referencing uses a shortened footnote style. These shortened footnotes should include: The author’s surname The page(s) cited Non-consecutive citations of the same source would therefore look like this: 1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt Company, 1983), 13. 2. Esther Woolfson, Corvus: A Life with Birds (London: Granta Publications, 2008), 234. 3. Jenkins, 102. If you have more than one source by the same author, however, you should also include a shortened version of the title. This will ensure the reader knows which source you’re citing. For instance: 1. Alan C. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City: Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects and Plants in an Urban Landscape (London: Holt Company, 1983), 13. 2. Esther Woolfson, Corvus: A Life with Birds (London: Granta Publications, 2008), 234. 3. Alan C. Jenkins, Introducing Cats (London: Spring Books, 1958), 24. 4. Jenkins, Wildlife in the City, 102. In this case, footnotes 1 and 4 point to the same source, while footnote 3 is another source by Jenkins. Author–Date Citations Chicago referencing also has an author–date system, which uses in-text citations. To reference the same source more than once in this, all you have to do is give the same citation again: Alan Jenkins (1983) describes how birds of prey survive in urban settings. He says that peregrine falcons are a â€Å"spectacular example of adaptive behavior† (Jenkins 1983, 13). All you need to do with repeat author–date citations, then, is make sure they are consistent!

Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transportation - Essay Example Transport through water came after. As time progressed, there was invention of other forms of transport including motor vehicles and railways. Transport by air is the most current. From the evolution of transportation, it is evident that the greatest motivation was volume and speed. The newer forms of transportation led to more goods to be carried and increase in the speed. Transportation is through the land, air, water and outer-space. For all the modes of transportation, energy is needed. In traditional forms of transportation, human and animal, the energy was provided by humans and animals. In traditional water transportation, the energy needed was provided by wind [1]. The major contribution of energy for the modern mode of transportation is petroleum products. The source of fuel is very important to different modes of transport. The fuel used differs from one mode to another. Innovation of new modes of transportation led to innovations on the form of fuels used. Today, innovations that are made improve the current mode of transport and come up with other better modes. The greatest motivation to innovations is to increase speed and safety of transport. In addition, there is need for exploring other parts of space. Land transportation is the oldest mode of transport. This mode includes all forms of transports that are made though the land. ... Use of ethanol and bio diesel is already on the way but there is still more hope for automobiles. The most promising source of fuel in the future is hydrogen. Auto mobile makers are already making progress in making hydrogen fuel cell. Unlike the other types of fuel, hydrogen is renewable. Thus, when this technology is adopted, there will be no fear of losing fuel [1]. This technology on fuel makes the use of a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. The product of the reaction is electricity that will be used to drive the vehicles. Thus, the future vehicle will be driven by electricity and thus, it will be moving at a very high speed. The speed at which the vehicles will be moving at can only be compared to the speed at which the current electric trains move at. At this speed, there will be need to change infrastructures and transport rules to accommodate the new technology. The greatest motivation to innovations is the desire to protect the environment. Fuels from fossil products are accused of releasing a lot of green house gases in the environment. Thus, there has been a desire to come up with other alternative fuels that would reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment. Enhanced and synthetic gasoline Gasoline mixed with other elements is a promising alternative fuel in the future. Gasoline that does not come from petroleum products will also be produced and used as fuel. Engines that are able to use gasoline as a form of fuel have been made and implemented. The green house gases produced by gasoline are about half of the gases released by liquid petroleum products. Despite this, the desire to reduce the amount of green house gases continues [1]. The crude oil reservoirs are decreasing with the fuel. With over reliance on crude oil as

Learned Helpness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learned Helpness - Essay Example These may cause employees to feel that success or recognition is unattainable, thereby inhibiting motivation to improve their performance levels2. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate learned helplessness among employees in organizations, and examine the creation of desirable motivation states through management interventions such as motivation, and empowerment and resilience, to eliminate learned helplessness among employees. Lyn Abramson and her team suggested that objective events in themselves do not produce learned helplessness. How those events are interpreted, particularly how their attributional dimensions are perceived, play an important part. Usually, the situations that produce learned helplessness give rise to only momentary symptoms of depression, unless there already exists a ‘depressive explanatory style’3. Besides generalizing from an unpleasant experience resulting in passive acceptance of situations, another approach to the theory of learned helplessness underscores a reinforcement process as its basis. That is, when particular behaviors lead to desired rewards and outcomes, people are motivated to repeat those behaviors. The motivation to perform those behaviors is lost when the specific behaviors do not help to achieve desired outcomes4. For example, when a manager regularly takes credit for her subordinates’ successes, while blaming them for their failures, the employees may lose their motivation to work harder than is necessary to keep their jobs. Similarly, when an organization enforces the use of outdated and ineffective procedures resulting in failed outcomes, employees may show little urgency or interest in their work5. The significance of organizationally induced learned helplessness is that â€Å"It often remains even when the barriers to success are removed†6. Consequently, when an unfair manager or restrictive policies are removed, employee motivation and

Ideologies of Management

Ideologies of Management The extent of complexity in the organisational management processes requires many questions to be raised in the pursuit of effective strategy for management HRM and employees relation. For managers, what important is the know-how, what, why and how to take the right decisions and how to release these decisions to employees. For them, the challenge is how to use the information gathered and also know how to ignore it. Also, their challenge focuses on how to mix being competitors and being evolver, how to face this complex and non-linear dynamics of the business environment and stay lean and agile. The dilemma is to keep the relation to employees in a good state such that motivation and satisfaction are the status quo, meanwhile the common good for the business is realised. This is why, tangible and intangible have been mixed, and this is why many call for human factor and conscious to play a role. This is difficult, but not impossible, the evidence is produced by Brown and Eisenhardt (1998) quoting companies such as Nike, Microsoft, Virgin and others. Industrial relations are very much connected to the trade and workers unions history. At the beginning of the last century there was a leaning towards mass labour and their unions. Trade Unions moved from strength to strength until it started to collapse due to many unworthy tactics and unwelcome strikes which brought many industries to standstill situations. Governments, including the British government, started to attack militancy in trade unions. Industrial relation started to take new forms. Nowadays, many changes have occurred in industrial relations. Silva (1998) stated changes in industrial relations practices (rather than in institutions and systems) such as increased collective bargaining at enterprise level, flexibility in relation to forms of employment as well as in relation to working time and job functions have occurred as a result of such factors as heightened competition, rapid changes in products and processes and the increasing importance of skills, quality and prod uctivity. Management of todays organisations have the conviction that taking unilateral decision is in their own rights, and that it should not be challenged by employees, or even stakeholders. They consider that this is their duty to manage. The conviction follows the ideology of Unitarism. In this work, this notion of management will be discussed in the light of three ideologies which are Unitarism, Pluralism, and Marxism. However, I will start by looking at the concept of job regulation, which some see as the core of industrial relation. Then, the other parts of the question will be discussed within this context. The concept of job regulations in some authors views represents the core of industrial relations. Flanders (1965) stipulated that study of industrial relations should be limited to the institutions of job regulation. In this approach, (Oram, 1984) indicated that the human relations variable was given a relatively insignificant role in the explanation of behaviour in industrial relations. Although personal, or unstructured, relationships were acknowledged as being important, they were considered by Flanders to be outside the scope of industrial relations. Flanders (1965) made a distinction between internal and external job regulations. Internal job regulations are those rules and regulation that can be changed internally by management and subordinates without any outside authorisation. This internal regulation could be achieved unilaterally by the management or bilaterally through negotiation with employees. On the other hand external job regulations are those being imposed on the org anisation from outside agencies where they could be any third parties, state regulation or any outside stakeholders. Hence, it can be said that job regulations as such may forge the industrial relations and external job regulation may allow different forms of unions. As mentioned previously there are three perspectives on employment relations and these are Unitarism, Pluralism, and Marxism. Unitarism by definition has a set of characteristics. In Unitarism, the organization is considered as one unit that is working towards a single goal. It represents the happy family picture. It also follows that all members of the family, i.e. the organisation, are loyal. Unitalirsts do not believe in conflicts or disputes and they do not expect or accept it. Trade unions have no role to play in unitarism, no negotiations and no collective bargaining. Any of these issues would be considered a disruptive influence to the path of the organisation towards its goal. Management in Unitarism considers making unilateral decisions is the norm and any opposition to this is illogic and irrational. Unitarism has a paternalistic approach where it demands loyalty of all employees. Atkinson and Curtis (2004, p. 492) stated paternalistic approach to employee relations in many small companies was found to be largely still intact. The governments intention of developing partnerships in the employment relationship in order to promote greater fairness in the workplace has, to a significant extent, failed. Small companies may not be granting their employees all their statutory rights. The statement quoted indicates that in this approach there is a sense of unfairness in such ideology of unitarism, at least in the view of the author. Other authors such as Rodriguez and Rios (2007) see that paternalism is counterproductive to productivity. Rodriguez and Rios (2007, p. 356) stated Given this historical account, paternalism has been closely related to the traditional personalized social bond between a boss and his employees. The association also implies that paternalism and productivity are not compatible. In this paper we argue that some of the new modern labour bonds that are being established rise from the paternalistic womb. New fully modern bonds non paternalistic are present as well. Both are related to productivity under the condition that organizations act consistently with the premises under which the contracts are made. By consistent we mean non hypocritical relationships that realistically and sincerely take into account those premises to decide upon Human Resources management policies and practices. On the other hand, authors such as Lewis (1989) see that unitarism approach is what is required in the midst of recession. Lewis (1989) referred to Cressey and Mclnnes (1985) argue that the effect of the recession has been to downgrade the role of consultation. In the companies in which they reviewed the process of consultation, it was trivial and bland. Any lifeboat democracy, as they term it, brought about by the desire to improve co-operation in order to cope with the recession, is extremely fragile and will come to grief on the rocks of managerial prerogative. Moreover, some authors consider that unitarism is normal and required, for example Wilkinson, et al (1991) stated unitarism is an underlying theme which remains unquestioned. Implementation is se en as a matter of motivation, with the correct attitudes being instilled by simple training programmes. Black and Ackers (1998) termed the context of unitarism as looked upon in this investigation as macho management or direct control as a management style. The authors then referred to what they termed as new unitarism and indicated that there is now a shift towards such ideology. Black and Ackers (1998) suggest that management is shifting its emphasis, within the strategy of responsible autonomy, away from the shop stewards organisation towards the shop-floor worker. This involves a shift of issues from collective bargaining to consultation and an attempt to supplement or replace the workplace corporatism of the post-war period, with a greater stress on direct communications with and involvement of the shop floor. The new unitarism attempts to circumvent unions and restrict their scope rather than smashing them. In support of this Gunnigle (1992) views neo-unitarism as a unitarist perspective involving a range of HRM policies designed to eliminate employee need for collective representation. In this sense neo-unitarism is a diluted version of the old unitarism that is investigated here. The second perspective that will be discussed within the context of unilateral managerial decisions is pluralism. Keenoy and Anthony (1992) indicated that the 1970s debate about pluralism was centred on the appropriateness of pluralistic methods to the achievement of social justice; an ethical controversy regarding how the business organizations should be managed. Chigara (1995) indicated that Pluralism holds that employers and employees interests are diametrically opposed to each other, and that they are held in the balance by the common need of keeping the enterprise alive. For pluralists, the trade union is a welcome vehicle for communication. Oram (1984, p. 23) added to the above that Pluralists see trade unionism as merely one more example of a competitive pressure group which Western democratic society accommodates as a matter of course. Pluralists also see that within legal limits, trade union aspirations can be fulfilled sometimes by imposing their wishes in ways which manage ment may see as arbitrary. Trade unions are seen as presenting legitimate challenges to managerial rule with one outcome being in the form of agreed rules, regulating terms and conditions of employment. Dobson (1982) indicated that in the pluralist approach, it is implicit to industrial relations a great belief in the virtues of collective bargaining since it is the method which is used to resolve conflicts. Dobson (1982) stated that other forms of job regulation-especially unilateral regulation by employer, trade union and workgroup-are usually condemned, since they over-ride the interests of other groups. The author then aired the views of the critics to pluralism as stipulating that the legitimacy of collective bargaining is based on certain assumptions, most notably the assumption that all interest groups possess approximate equality of power, so that the eventual compromise reflects equal concessions by all the parties. Even the commonly used definition of collective bargaining of joint job regulation, seems to suggest equality between the parties. Dobson (1982) added that Critics of pluralism have argued that power is very rarely distributed equally, and since in the long run the employer can move his production and investment elsewhere, power is predominantly concentrated in the hands of the employer. For the very same reasons other researchers such as Gunnigle (1992) pointed out to the rise of Neo-pluralism. Gunnigle (1992) stated that Neo-pluralism presented a second type of HRM which involves moves towards greater consensualism and commitment in unionized companies. It is characterized by what might be termed a dualist approach, involving the use of HRM techniques such as direct communications with employees and performance related pay systems alongside established collective bargaining procedures. Pluralism then seem to think that organisation conflicts does exist and that employers and employees interests may be different, however, having accepted this they also accepted that these conflicts are resolvable and that trade unions and the process of collective bargaining are more than capable of attaining a resolution. This assumes that power is equally distributed between employers, employees and unions. Hence, collective bargaining works efficiently. However, researchers also doubt this assumption. Dobson (1982) disputed this unrealistic balance of power and stated A more realistic view of collective bargaining, which takes account of the varying power balances between employers and workers, would see collective bargaining straddling the continuum between unilateral worker regulation on the one hand and unilateral employer regulation on the other. Such an approach would bring into question the pluralist assumption that collective bargaining is necessarily good per se, for at the extremes of the continuum the substantive content of a collective agreement may be identical to that of a unilateral decision. Dobson as such dismisse d the application of collective bargaining as equal to unilateral decision within the imbalance of power that exists in reality. Ackers (1994) agrees with Dobsons view and stated Today, the narrow, institutional version of pluralism is unsustainable. Any view of industrial relations as simply collective bargaining would confine it to a minority activity in a declining sector of the economy. The third perspective on employment relationship is that of Marxism. Hyman (1975) is considered as the authority on Marxism in relation to industrial relations, albeit that he was criticized for being too theoretical in his approach. Wood (1976) referred to Davis criticising the work of Hyman as so abstract and general as to be almost worthless, in either theoretical or practical terms. Still, Hyman explain that worker grievances could only be expressed through collective bargaining and industrial actions. Barbash (2005) indicated that the Marxist model assumes the existence of class conflicts and it is built on the assumption of coalition formation. Marxism stipulates that coalition formation is based on classes that form from out of groups that are in the same authority position in the organisation. Marxism also assumes that classes are able to regulate conflicts and can bring change through negotiations. Marxists acknowledge unions but see the faults in them when in the interest o f workers they seek economic improvement rather than embarking on a revolutionary change and they accuse some unions and their members are subject to false consciousness and that they need to work towards their Leninist destiny. Marxists believes that capitalism creates and endorses monopolies and that capitalism has a powerful luring to the workers when they acquire some powers. Therefore the Marxism approach is to make a goal of overthrowing capitalism. It supports the notion that industrial relations are made by those that are involve in the production and gives the first importance to workers and their affair. It holds true that workers for capitalism are considered a burden on profit making. Marxists also held the view that workers contracts are imposed upon them and they do not enter to it freely and that makes them weak as individual and their strength is therefore lies in their coalition. Marxism sees conflict of interest between capital and workers and employment relations are formed through this conflict. Marxism also uphold the view that trade unions presents optimal solution for such conflicts and ironically Marxists views that institutions of joint regulation would enhance rather than limit managements position as they presume the continuation of capitalism rather than challenge it. From the above a conclusion can be drawn regarding the conviction of management that they have the right to unilateral decision making over human resource issues and that this right is legitimate and rational. It is obvious to many that the trade unions power has been in the last two decades in a decline state. Also, the power of collective bargaining has been in decline, especially after the rise of capitalism in Eastern Europe. The pluralistic approach was seen to be restrictive to the flair and individualistic behaviour of entrepreneurial organisations. Pluralism, whilst acknowledging the conflicts in employers and employees interests, it upholds the idea that survival of the organisation is the derived force to keep it going. Pluralists see trade unions are as presenting legitimate challenges to managerial rule and that it leads to a satisfactory outcome. In fact, each one of the two perspective unitarism and pluralism has its critics. For example, in unitarism there is no obviou s reason as why managers have the only say, and whether this is sensible. It can be argued against unitarism that it gives organisation values to managers and not to groups. If it is a fact of life that conflicts exist in organisations, unitarism does not seem to appreciate this. The same also could be said about pluralism, where it is based on assuming a balance of power that seldom exists in organisations. It also assumes that all conflicts are resolvable and that all those involved have no hidden agendas apart from the common good. It also assumes the full trust in each party; therefore it is unreal and impractical. In regard to Marxism, it was found, in my view, as a mere attack on capitalism and rejection of all of its principles based on naive attempt to show its drawbacks. Marxism hence, relay on giving power to unionists leaders and support the use of extreme measures to resolve conflicts. The concept of job regulations seems to be taken by many researchers as the centre for employment relations and that this relation is formed by both internal and external means. As such this concept may encapsulate all three perspectives in one as it contain unilateral, bilateral and collective as well as state efforts in forming the employment relation. In regard to the subject in question which discusses the unilateral decisions by managements over human resource issues and whether it is legitimate or not. I am of the opinion that it is unrealistic to think that management would allow such decisions to be made collectively. Even if on the face of it, they pretend that it is so. I found myself entirely agree with Lewis (1989) who stated The industrial relations debate about the reasons why management promote employee participation in decision making has run for many years. Much of the literature emphasises the theory that participation in the U.K. is more imagined than real. It gives employees the illusion of a say in organisational decision making whereas the reality is that management use the illusion as a mechanism for control of employees. In fact, this illusion is carried out everywhere and seems ingrained in any organisation. REFERENCES Ackers, P. (1994) Back to Basics? Industrial Relations and the Enterprise Culture. Employee Relations, 16(8), 32 47. Atkinson, C. And Curtis, S. (2004) The impact of Employment Regulation on The Employment Relationship in SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(4), 486 494. Black, J. and Ackers, P. (1998)The Japanisation of British Industry? A Case Study of Quality Circles in the Carpet Industry. Employee Relations, 10(6), 9-16. Barbash, K. (2005) Theories and Concepts in Comparative Industrial Relations. Blackwell. Brown, S. and Eisenhardt, K. (1998) Competing on The Edge. Harvard Business School Pr; ISBN: 0875847544. Chigara, B. (1995) Article 2 of Convention No.87: Precepts And Their Application A Global Assessment. Managerial Law, 37(6), 1-20. Cressey, P. and McInnes, J. (1985) The Recession and Industrial Relations. ESRC conference, University of Warwick, March 1985. Dobson, J. (1982) What is Good Industrial Relations? Employee Relations, 4(2), 5-10. Flanders, A. (1965) Industrial relations: what is wrong with the system? London: Faber. Gunnigle, P. (1992) Human Resource Management in Ireland. Employee Relations, 14(5), 5-22. 1 Hyman, R. (1975) Industrial Relations, a Marxist Introduction. Macmillan, 220. 2- Keenoy, T., Anthony, P. (1992) HRM: Metaphor, Meaning and Morality, in Blyton, P., Turnbull, P. (Eds), Reassessing Human Resource Management, London: Sage. 3- Lewis, P. (1989) Employee Participation in a Japanese-Owned British Electronics Factory: Reality or Symbolism? Employee Relations, 11(1), 3-9. 4- Oram, S. (1984) Industrial Relations and Ideology-An Alternative Approach. Employee Relations, 6(2), 22 26. 5- Rodriguez, D. And Rios, R. (2007) Latent premises of labor contracts: paternalism and productivity: Two cases from the banking industry in Chile. International Journal of Manpower, 28(5), 354 368. 6- Silva, S. (1998) Human Resource Management, Industrial Relations and Achieving Management Objectives. International Labour Organisation, ACT/EMP Publications. Available from: http://www.ilo.org. [Accessed: 24th October 2009]. 7- Wilkinson, A., Allen, P., and Snape, E. (1991) TQM and the Management of Labour. International Journal of Manpower, 12(6), 35-42. 8- Wood , S. (1976) The Radicalisation of Industrial Relations Theor. Personnel Review, 5(3), 52 57.

Identification After Gender Essay

Time episode â€Å"Fionna and Cake† and reading â€Å"Berengier of the Long Ass,† the expectations of genders are exposed through the reversal of roles in both of these pieces. The characters in these stories clearly demonstrate the expectations that certain males and females must negotiate in order to expose the problems when there is labeling of certain genders. Judith Butler’s analysis of gender is that it is performative- meaning that nobody really is a gender from the start; after watching the video and reading the text for this exercise, t is clear that Fionna and The Knight expose the misconceptions of gender throughout societies today. In our society today there are certain notions that many people have about what are â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† for males and females to wear, think, and act. There are certain things that are expected out of males- a toughness about them, an attitude that declares them as â€Å"the man of the house†- that is unfairly labeled upon every male in our society. Females are expected to be the ones who constantly act â€Å"girly’ and let the males do everything involving manual labor- this is an unfair label that is placed upon every female in our society. The video that Judith Butler takes part in is an example of a certain female who does not believe in conforming with the problems of the rest of our society- taking a stand against the â€Å"normal ideas† of the public. Judith Baker’s ideas are expressed throughout â€Å"Fionna and Cake† and â€Å"Berengier of the Long Ass,† when Fionna , The Lady, and The Knight expose these misconceptions by swapping roles; The Lady and Fionna act as the males, while Prince Gumball and The Knight act as the females. The idea that Fionna and The Lady â€Å"act as the males† in these stories define the problem that our society has when it omes to the definition of males and females. There are certain expectations that must be fulfilled when it comes to being seen as a male or female, but in these two pieces (video and story), the main characters both reject the expectations, or try and fulfill them unsuccessfully. In the Adventure Time episode â€Å"Fionna and Cake† Fionna and Prince Gumball act as their opposite gender in many ways. Throughout â€Å"Fionna and Cake† Fionna refuses to completely fulfill these expectations that are placed among most females. Fionna goes through the majority of the video as a tomboy who would rather carry weapons in her person than make-up. However, by the end of the video she adapts to the â€Å"normal† expectations for females by dressing up in a dress and trying to flatter Prince Gumball. In order for Fionna to expose the expectations of certain genders, Fionna goes to the extreme limit when trying to act as a boy; for there is nothing more â€Å"manly’ for a human-being to do than to save someone’s life. Fionna saves Prince Gumball, which in turn creates a relationship between the two that was not there before. It becomes evident that there is a gender swap in this video when Fionna is the one who is catching Prince Gumball when he falls from the ceiling. o infatuate Fionna, portraying the inner-man of Princess Ice, and getting the inner- woman out of Fionna. Fionna Justifies the ideas of Judith Butler’s by showing the audience that it took awhile for her to find her preferred gender- switching preferences multiple times between the beginning and end of the video. Fionna proves that any female can be happy doing â€Å"male-type† things, but also can be happy with a man, which goes against the norm of being a â€Å"tom boy. † By the end of the story it is clear that Fionna chooses to give up the â€Å"girly’ personality that is expected mong women, while consistently being herself, and attracting the Prince of her dreams. In the reading â€Å"Berengier of the Long Ass,† The Knight and his Lady successfully pull off an epic gender swap that The Knight would not be very proud of. Throughout the beginning of the story the Lady constantly criticizes her husband for being lazy and not being a â€Å"chivalrous† Knight. Because she questions the Knight’s manhood, the Knight forces himself to make a change. The Knight then tries to fulfill the expectations of Knights in our society by creating fake battles in the forests to impress his wife. Because he does a bad Job of faking his fatigue and injuries after these fake battles, the wife begins to catch on to his tricks. The wife then follows him to the next â€Å"battle† realizing that what he was saying the whole entire time was a fraud. Butler’s applications to gender being performative comes into play here, because the Knight tries so hard to be a â€Å"man† -that his life turns upside down because of it. The Knight’s wife then brings back another guy to the house, knowing that because her husband is a â€Å"woman† in her eyes, he will not even think about doing anything to harm her. When the Knight realizes that his attempt at conforming to the public’s interpretation ofa knight has failed, he feels as though he is a failure- for the only important in most knights’ life is the chivalrous way in which they live. A Knight’s expectation is to be the most brave, genuine, and honest guy of all; however, in this case the knight’s wife was more of a knight than he was. The Knight in this story tried to adapt to the expectations that are naturally placed on him, and instead of adapting he completely failed at his attempt. Most people are better off being their atural-selves than trying to fulfill the expectations that others place on them. After analyzing Fionna, Prince Gumball, The Knight, and his wife, it is obvious that being yourself leads to the most happiness between one and their partner. Fionna maintains her inner-boy personality and ends up being the happiest girl in the world. The Knight tries to change his personality and ends up watching his wife hang out with another man. Judith Butler’s ideas really make sense after analyzing these characters because of the way in which characters can reject the expectations of their gender and be completely happy because of it.

Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse

On December 25, 1991, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Using the words, â€Å"We’re now living in a new world,† Gorbachev effectively agreed to end the Cold War, a tense 40-year period during which the Soviet Union and the United States held the world at the brink of nuclear holocaust. At 7:32 p.m. that evening, the Soviet flag above the Kremlin was replaced with the flag of the Russian Federation, led by its first president, Boris Yeltsin. At the same moment, what had been the world’s largest communist state broke into 15 independent republics, leaving America as the last remaining global superpower. Of the many factors leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union, a rapidly failing post World War II economy and weakened military, along with a series of forced social and political reforms like perestroika and glasnost, played major roles in the fall of the mighty Red Bear. The Collapse of the Soviet Union Fast Facts The Soviet Union officially dissolved on December 25, 1991, effectively ending the 40-year-long Cold War with the United States.When the Soviet Union dissolved, its 15 former Communist Party-controlled republics gained independence, leaving the United States as the world’s last remaining superpower.The Soviet Union’s failing post-World War II economy and weakened military, along with public dissatisfaction with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev’s loosened economic and political policies of perestroika and glasnost, contributed to its ultimate collapse. The Soviet Economy Throughout its history, the Soviet Union’s economy depended on a system under which the central government, the Politburo, controlled all sources of industrial and agricultural production. From the 1920s to the start of World War II, the â€Å"Five Year Plans† of Joseph Stalin placed the production of capital goods, like military hardware, over the production of consumer goods. In the old economic argument of â€Å"guns or butter,† Stalin chose guns. Based on its world leadership in petroleum production, the Soviet economy remained strong until the German invasion of Moscow in 1941. By 1942, the Soviet Gross Domestic Product (GDP) had plummeted by 34%, crippling the nation’s industrial output and retarding its overall economy until the 1960s. In 1964, new Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev allowed industries to emphasize profit over production. By 1970, the Soviet economy reached its high point, with a GDP estimated at about 60% that of the United States. In 1979, however, costs of the Afghanistan War took the wind out of the Soviet economy’s sails. By the time the USSR withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, its $2,500 billion GDP had dropped to just over 50% of the United States’ $4,862 billion. Even more telling, the per capita income in the USSR (pop. 286.7 million) was $8,700, compared to $19,800 in the United States (pop. 246.8 million).   Despite Brezhnev’s reforms, the Politburo refused to increase the production of consumer goods. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, average Soviets stood in breadlines as Communist Party leaders amassed ever greater wealth. Witnessing the economic hypocrisy, many young Soviets refused to buy into the old-line communist ideology. As poverty weakened the argument behind the Soviet system, the people demanded reforms. And reform they would soon get from Mikhail Gorbachev. Soviet Soldier with Soviet Flag. Corbis Historica / Getty Images Gorbachev’s Policies In 1985, the Soviet Union’s last leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power ready to launch two sweeping policies of reform: perestroika and glasnost. Under perestroika, the Soviet Union would adopt a mixed communist-capitalist economic system similar to that of modern-day China. While the government still planned the direction of the economy, the Politburo allowed free-market forces like supply and demand to dictate some decisions on how much of what would be produced. Along with economic reform, Gorbachev’s perestroika was intended to draw new, younger voices into elite circles of the Communist Party, eventually resulting in the free democratic election of the Soviet government. However, while the post-perestroika elections offered voters a choice of candidates, including for the first time, non-communists, the Communist Party continued to dominate the political system. Glasnost was intended to remove some of the decades-old limitations on the daily lives of the Soviet people. Freedoms of speech, the press, and religion were restored, and hundreds of former political dissidents were released from prison. In essence, Gorbachev’s glasnost policies promised the Soviet people a voice and the freedom to express it, which they would soon do. Unforeseen by Gorbachev and the Communist Party, perestroika and glasnost did more to cause the fall of the Soviet Union than they did to prevent it. Thanks to perestroika’s economic drift toward Western capitalism, coupled with glasnost’s apparent loosening of political restrictions, the government that Soviet people once feared suddenly appeared vulnerable to them. Seizing on their new powers to organize and speak out against the government, they began to demand the total end of Soviet rule. Chernobyl Disaster Exposes Glasnost The Soviet people learned the realities of glasnost in the aftermath of the explosion of a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl power station in Pryp’yat, now in Ukraine, on April 26, 1986. The explosion and fires spread more than 400 times the amount of radioactive fallout as the Hiroshima atomic bomb over much of the western USSR and other European countries. Instead of immediately and openly informing the people of the explosion, as promised under glasnost, Communist Party officials suppressed all information about the disaster and its dangers to the public. Despite the risk of radiation exposure, May Day parades in the affected areas were held as planned, as paid covert government agents called â€Å"apparatchiks† quietly removed Geiger counters from school science classrooms. Not until May 14—18 days after the disaster—did Gorbachev issue his first official public statement, in which he called Chernobyl a â€Å"misfortune† and slammed Western media reports as a â€Å"highly immoral campaign† of â€Å"malicious lies.† However, as people in the fallout zone and beyond reported suffering from the effects of radiation poisoning, the falsehoods of the Communist Party propaganda was exposed. As a result, public trust in the government and glasnost was shattered. Decades later, Gorbachev would call Chernobyl â€Å"perhaps the real cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union five years later.† Democratic Reform Throughout the Soviet Block At the time it dissolved, the Soviet Union was composed of 15 separate constitutional republics. Within each republic, citizens of diverse ethnicities, cultures, and religions were often at odds with each other. Especially in the outlying republics in Eastern Europe, discrimination against the ethnic minorities by the Soviet majority created constant tension. Beginning in 1989, nationalist movements in the Warsaw Pact Soviet satellite nations, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia resulted in regime changes. As the former Soviet allies divided along ethnic lines, similar separatist independence movements emerged in several of the Soviet republics—most notably, Ukraine. Even during World War II, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army had conducted a guerilla warfare campaign for Ukrainian independence against both Germany and the Soviet Union. After Joseph Stalin’s death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev, as the new leader of the Soviet Union, allowed an ethnic Ukrainian revival, and in 1954, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became a founding member of the United Nations. However, the continued repression of political and cultural rights by the Soviet central government in Ukraine spurred renewed separatist movements in the other republics, which fatally fractured the Soviet Union. The Berlin Wall Since 1961, the heavily guarded Berlin Wall had divided Germany into Soviet-communist ruled East Germany and democratic West Germany. The wall prevented—often violently—dissatisfied East Germans from fleeing to freedom in the West. East Berliners climb onto the Berlin Wall to celebrate the effective end of the citys partition, 31st December 1989. (Photo by Steve Eason/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Speaking in West Germany on June 12, 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan famously called on Soviet leader Gorbachev to â€Å"tear down that wall.† By this time, Reagan’s anti-communist Reagan Doctrine policies had weakened Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and talk of German reunification had already begun. In October 1989, East Germany’s communist leadership was forced from power, and on November 9, 1989, the new East German government did indeed â€Å"tear down that wall.† For the first time in nearly three decades, the Berlin Wall ceased to function as a political barrier and East Germans could travel freely to the West. By October 1990, Germany was fully reunified, signaling the coming collapse of the Soviet Union and other communist Eastern European regimes. A Weakened Soviet Military The economic liberalization of perestroika and the political chaos of glasnost severely reduced military funding and strength. Between 1985 and 1991, the residual troop strength of the Soviet Military fell from over 5.3 million to fewer than 2.7 million. The first major reduction came in 1988, when Gorbachev responded to long-stalled arms reduction treaty negotiations by drawing down its military by 500,000 men—a 10% reduction. During the same time period, more than 100,000 Soviet troops had been committed to the Afghanistan War. The ten-year quagmire that became the Afghan War left more than 15,000 Soviet troops dead and thousands more injured. Another reason for the troop decline was the widespread resistance to the Soviet military draft that arose when the new freedoms of glasnost allowed conscripted soldiers to speak publicly about the abusive treatment they suffered. Between 1989 and 1991, the now weakened Soviet military was unable to suppress anti-Soviet separatist movements in the republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Lithuania. Finally, in August 1991, Communist Party hardliners, who had always opposed perestroika and glasnost, led the military in an attempt to overthrow Gorbachev. However, the three-day August Coup—possibly the last attempt by the hardline communists to save the Soviet empire—failed when the now-fragmented military sided with Gorbachev. Though Gorbachev remained in office, the coup further destabilized the USSR, thus contributing to its final dissolution on December 25, 1991. Blame for the collapse of the Soviet Union is often unfairly placed solely on the policies of Mikhail Gorbachev. In the final analysis, it was his predecessor, Leonid Brezhnev, who wasted the nation’s massive profits from a 20-year-long oil boom on an unwinnable arms race against the United States, rather than working to raise the standards of living of the Soviet people, long before Gorbachev came to power. Sources â€Å"The Collapse of the Soviet Union.† U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historianâ€Å"END OF THE SOVIET UNION; Text of Gorbachevs Farewell Address.† New York Times Archives. Dec.26, 1991â€Å"A Comparison of the US and Soviet Economies: Evaluating the Performance of the Soviet System.† U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (October 1985)â€Å"Soviet Union Economy – 1989.† www.geographic.org.â€Å"United States Economy – 1989.† www.geographic.org.â€Å"A nuclear disaster that brought down an empire.† The Economist (April 2016).Parks, Michael. Gorbachev Pledges a 10% Troop Cut: Unilateral Pullback. New York Times (December 1988).